Past and Present Research Systems on Green Chemistry

Green chemistry metrics, that measure aspects of a chemical process relating to the principles of green chemistry. These metrics used to quantify the efficiency or environmental performance of chemical processes, and allow changes in performance to be measured. The motivation for using metrics is the expectation that quantifying technical and environmental improvements can make the benefits of new technologies more tangible, perceptible, or understandable. This, in turn, is likely to aid the communication of research and potentially facilitate the wider adoption of green chemistry technologies in industry.

Green Chemistry is a new trend to design safer chemicals and processes. It minimizes the negative impact of chemicals on the human health & environment and helps in achieving sustainability in the chemical production. The desire of chemists to make products that are effective and economical expanded the scope of Green Chemistry.

 • Source Reduction

• Incorporate Sustainability early in the design process

• To Create Industrial Processes that avert hazard Problems

• Development of Eco-friendly chemicals and materials

• Analysis on the eco-toxicological and environmental effects of biomass processing

• Use of environmentally Benign Solvent systems

• Generating Wealth from Waste

Green nanotechnology is the study of how nanotechnology can benefit the environment, by using less energy during the manufacturing process and also the ability to recycle the products after use, and using eco-friendly materials. Green Nanotechnology involves two goals such as Producing Nano-materials (products without harming the human health or environment) another one is Producing Nano products (Provide solutions for environment hazards). Apart from the obvious areas of using nano-materials in the areas of solar cells, biofuels and fuel cells, green nanotechnology applications might involve a clean production process, such as synthesizing nanoparticles with sunlight or the recycling of industrial waste products into nano-materials, such as turning diesel soot into carbon nanotubes.

Human activities have had detrimental effects on water quality; for that reason, the water remediation is a topic extensively studied by many research groups around the world. In this context, the research on the removal of pollutants from ground waters or industrial effluents by using physical or chemical methods has acquired increased attention in the last decade. The study of different alternatives for the water source treatment allows either improving or developing processes to clean water not only for human consumption

but also for guaranteeing a safe discharge of water stuff by reducing its toxicity to other life species.

Water remediation is the process of ridding the water supply of various types of contaminants, making the water suitable for human consumption and use. In addition to rendering the water safe for humans, the process of remediation also seeks to make sure that the residue removed from the water is disposed of in a manner that minimizes the negative impact on the environment. A number of different strategies are employed in order to deal with water pollution and restore water to a usable condition.

In general, there are two different types of water remediation. The first is known as on-site or in-situ purification. This approach involves using various methods to clean up the water supply where it is situated, rather than transporting the water to a filtering facility at another location. In many cases, addressing the groundwater contamination on-site is the less expensive alternative.

Sustainability (from sustain and ability) is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are the examples of sustainable biological systems. In other way, sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes. The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the four interconnected domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture. Sustainability can also be defined as a socio-ecological process characterized by the pursuit of a common ideal, time and space.

A catalyst is a reagent that participates in a chemical reaction, yet remains unchanged after the reaction is complete. The waste generated in the manufacture of organic compounds consists primarily of inorganic salts. This is a direct consequence of the use of

Stoichiometric inorganic reagents in Organic synthesis. In particular, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals manufacture is rampant with antiquated ‘stoichiometric’ technologies.

Green chemistry for chemical synthesis addresses our future challenges in working with chemical processes and products by inventing novel reactions that can maximize the desired products and minimize by-products, designing new synthetic schemes that can simplify operations in chemical productions, and seeking greener solvents that are inherently environmentally and ecologically benign. Such techniques are Replacement of Toxic Solvents with Less Toxic Ones , Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, without Solvents, Sono chemistry in Organic Synthesis, without Solvent , Other  Greener Techniques , Green solvents from plants.

Green chemistry, as defined by the EPA, is: “the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances.’’ The development of “green chemistry” techniques has been largely modelled after studies conducted in the late 20th century. Green Chemistry is a concept that is not new – it is simply unknown. It is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on the design of products and processes that minimise the use and generation of hazardous substances. According to researchers, in the future the best chemistry practices will be green. Green chemistry researchers develop new catalysts, test new solvents, and experiment with micro scale flow processes. Some of this research is adopted by the chemical industry, particularly in pharmaceuticals.

In recent years, the development of efficient green chemistry methods for synthesis of metal nanoparticles has become a major focus of green chemistry researchers. They have investigated in order to find an eco-friendly technique for production of well-characterized nanoparticles. One of the most considered methods is production of metal nanoparticles using organisms. Among these organisms plants seem to be the best candidates and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable and the rate of synthesis is faster than in the case of microorganisms. Moreover, the nanoparticles are more various in shape and size in comparison with those produced by other organisms. The advantages of using plant and plant-derived materials for biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles have interested researchers to investigate mechanisms of metal ions uptake and bio reduction by plants, and to understand the possible mechanism of metal nanoparticle formation in plants.

Waste management are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on recycling. Generally, the solid waste is defined from household refusal and non-hazardous solid waste is from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments such as hospitals, market waste, yard waste and street sweepings .Today waste management has changed a lot from the older way. There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. Those are Waste Hierarchy, Life cycle of a product, Resource Efficiency, Polluter pays Principle.

Green houses are climate controlled. A Green House is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown. These structures range in size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. Without the greenhouse effect life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18° Celsius, rather than the present 15° Celsius. As energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place. A portion of the energy 26% globally is reflected or scattered back to space by clouds and other atmospheric particles. About 19% of the energy available is absorbed by clouds, gases like ozone and particles in the atmosphere. Of the remaining 55% of the solar energy passing through the Earth's atmosphere, 4% is reflected from the surface back to space. On average, about 51% of the sun's radiation reaches the surface. This energy is then used in a number of processes, including the heating of the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water; and plant photosynthesis.

Organic Synthesis is a special branch of Chemistry Synthesis and concerned with organic compounds via organic reactions. The world has changed dramatically in the last two centuries as a result of scientific discoveries and their applications. One of the most profound of these discoveries is the advent of organic synthesis as marked by Wohler’s synthesis of urea. Organic synthesis is the study of how we build molecules ranging from complex, biologically active natural products to new materials. Because synthesis allows a chemist to construct entirely new structures, it empowers chemists to probe the world around them in new, creative ways.

Green Energy or Renewable energy, comes from natural sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, plants, algae and geothermal heat. These energy resources are renewable, meaning they're naturally replenished. In contrast, fossil fuels are a finite resource that take millions of years to develop and will continue to diminish with use. Green Energy or renewable energy have a smaller impact on environment than others energy sources such as fossil fuels etc. Examples of Green energy are Solar Power, Wind Power, Hydro Power, Geothermal Energy, Biomass and Biofuels etc. Now a day renewable energy has been more effective on creating jobs in USA rather than Oil and Fuel industries. Renewable energy plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. When renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels, non-biomass renewable sources of energy (hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar) do not directly emit Greenhouse Gases.

Green engineering is the design, commercialization, and use of process and products in such a way that it reduces pollution, promotes sustainability, and minimizes the risk to human health and environment without harming economic viability and efficiency. It embraces the concept that decisions to protect human health and the environment can have the greatest impact and cost-effectiveness when applied early, in the design and development phase of a process or product. There are 12 Principles on Green engineering: (a) Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial (b) Prevention Instead of Treatment (c) Design for Separation (d) Maximize Efficiency (e) Output-Pulled Versus Input-Pushed (f) Conserve Complexity (g) Durability Rather Than Immortality (h) Meet Need, Minimize Excess (i) Minimize Material Diversity (j) Integrate Material and Energy Flows (k) Design for Commercial "Afterlife" (l) Renewable Rather Than Depleting

New, energy efficient green chemical technologies that can convert a wide variety of waste streams into valuable chemicals and energy include low-temperature microwave processing, benign solvent extraction and new bio based platform molecules. The integration of thermochemical and biochemical technologies will also become increasingly important as we seek to increase the efficiency of biomass conversion and chemistry on fermentation broths.

A wide range of projects will be described to help illustrate how we can apply green chemical technologies to the valorisation of wastes. These projects are usually carried out in consortia often involving industry and on many occasions ranging across more than one country.

The Green Chemistry & Commerce Council (GC3) is a business-to-business forum that works collaboratively to accelerate the application of green chemistry across industry sectors and supply chains. GC3 members are the innovators in the fields of green chemistry, design for the environment, and the production of safer chemicals, materials and products.

Green chemistry is the new and rapid emerging branch of chemistry. This new approach introduces in green chemistry synthesis, dealing out and relevance of chemical material in such a way as to minimize the risk to environment and health of human. This advanced access is as well called: Eco-friendly chemistry, clean chemistry, Atom wealth, benign design chemistry. All chemical wastes should be disposed of in the best possible manner without causing any damage to the environment and living beings. There are certain examples  of green chemistry is given Eco-Friendly Dry clean-up of Clothes, Solution to Turn Turbid Water Clear, Solar Array , Reusable Water Bottle , Solar Water Heater , Wind Generator, Rainwater Harvesting System , Insulation of House , Building with Green Technology.

Green Computing or Green IT, where the Organizations adopt a policy of ensuring that the setup and operations of Information Technology Produces the minimal Carbon footprint. In other way, the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using and disposing of computers, servers and associated subsystems.

Many IT manufacturers and vendors are continuously investing in designing energy-efficient computing devices, reducing the use of dangerous materials and encouraging the recyclability of digital devices. Green computing practices came into prominence in 1992, when the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Energy Star program. Green computing is an environmentally sustainable approach to managing information and communication technologies.

An analytical technique is a method for the analysis of some situation, status or a fact. Analytical techniques are usually time-limited and task-limited. They are used once to solve a specific issue. Opposed to management methods that affect management of the organization in a longer term. The widespread occurrence of antibiotics as contaminants in the aquatic environment has increased attention in the last years. Most widely used analytical techniques are BCG matrix, Brainstorming, Benchmarking, Gap Analysis, Mind Maps, Pareto principle, SWOT Analysis.

Green chemistry education is offering a solution to our current environmental problems because it provides the opportunity to train the future scientists, thus helping move us toward a more sustainable society. As many students today are profoundly interested in the sustainability.With growing public concern over global warming and greenhouse gases, students want to understand how human actions affect the health of our planet. Students are deeply concerned about. They practice recycling. Moreover, they want to secure a healthy Earth for future generations.